The application of response surface methodology (RSM) in the optimization of analytical methods is discussed in this paper. To introduce readers to this multivariate statistical technique, the theoretical concepts of RSM and steps for its implementation are defined. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is an optimization technique used in experiment/research studies to define interrelationships between variables. This paper addresses an optimization strategy based on response surface methodology and the Box-Behnken process. RSM aids in the selection of the most appropriate experimental design for determining the relationship between variables. RSM is a methodology that is used to create analytical methods for specific drugs in order to classify and measure the active content while reducing sources of variability. The use of multivariate statistical techniques for chromatographic and spectroscopic device optimization. As compared to the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach, analytical methods developed using the RSM approach are more robust, easy to verify, have shorter run times, and can determine a greater number of analytes in a single run.

Diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus, is becoming more common all over the world. Diabetics face a higher risk of mortality and morbidity, in addition to cardiomyopathy and nephropathy, due to an increased risk of bone fractures caused by low bone mineral density (BMD). Because of hyperglycemia, the toxic effects of advanced glycosylation end-products (AGEs) on bone tissue, and an altered bone microvascular system, diabetic patients have worse bone quality than non-diabetic patients. Hyperglycemia may potentially play a role in the progression of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. As a result, in diabetic individuals, glucose management is critical for bone health. Metformin, a commonly prescribed diabetes medication, has been proven to improve bone quality and reduce the incidence of fractures in diabetic patients, in addition to improving glycemic control and insulin sensitivity. After 8 weeks of geraniin treatment, the effect of geraniin on improving BMD in metformin-treated subjects was investigated. The results revealed that consuming 40 mg of geraniin per kilogramme of body weight strengthened the bone-protecting effect of metformin by lowering blood glucose and increasing BMD. All of the evidence suggests that taking geraniin with metformin can help prevent diabetic osteoporosis.

Catharanthus roseus L(Catharanthus roseus) is a plant that has been used to cure a variety of ailments, including diabetes. The goal of this study is to determine the effect of biological response modifier β-glucans in improving the wound healing ability of Catharanthus roseus flower extract in rats. Excision and incision wounds models were used to assess wound healing activities in rats following administration (100mg/kg/day) of the ethanol extract of Catharanthus roseus flower and Catharanthus roseus flower + β-glucans. In each model, the animals were separated into three groups of six. In the excision model, group 1 animals were given carboxymethyl cellulose as a placebo, group 2 received a topical application of Catharanthus roseus ethanol extract at a dose of 100mg/kg body weight/day, and group 3 received a topical application of Catharanthus roseus ethanol extract at a dose of 100mg/kg body weight/day + β-glucans 80mg/kg.

Diabetes complications and osteoporotic fractures are two of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in older patients and share many features including genetic susceptibility, molecular mechanisms, and environmental factors. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compromises bone micro architecture by inducing abnormal bone cell function and matrix structure, with increased osteoblast apoptosis, diminished osteoblast differentiation, and enhanced osteoclast mediated bone resorption. The linkage between these two chronic diseases creates a possibility that certain anti-diabetic therapies may affect bone quality. The present study will look at the possible bone health advantages of Geraniin's + oak bark extracts in diabetic rats, which is a well-known traditional herbal treatment. Oak bark extracts have been shown to help with bone health. The impact of geraniin on improving bone mineral density (BMD) in oak bark extracts treated individuals was studied after 8 weeks of therapy. The researchers discovered that eating 40mg of geraniin per kilogramme of body weight improved the bone protective effects of oak bark extracts by decreasing blood glucose and boosting BMD. According to all of the data, combining geraniin with oak bark extracts can help prevent diabetic osteoporosis.

Use of nano carbon in living system has always been a topic of debate. There are two schools of thought (i) believes that nano carbon is inert and can be used in living system whereas the other (ii) feels that they are toxic to living system. Hence, cytotoxicity test using T lymphocytes collected from peripheral blood samples of human cells was performed. The data indicated that the concentration of Multi walled Carbon Nano tube (MWCNT) is an important criterion in causing inhibition to proliferation. It is found that higher concentration of Carbon Nano Tube (CNT) caused decreased cell growth in cultured human blood cells. Though it is still too early to establish CNT for clinical use.

The RP-HPLC method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Diacerein and Aceclofenac in pharmaceutical dosage form using C16 column (Phenomenex, 253 x 4.2mm, 5μm) in isocratic mode. The detection wavelength was carried out at 281nm. Aceclofenac 50-75μg/ml and for Diacerein 100-150μg/ml. The recoveries of Aceclofenac and Diacerein were found to be in the range of 99.23-100.39% and 99.45-100.56% respectively. The validation of method were carried out utilizing ICH-guidelines. The described RP-HPLC method were successfully employed for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations containing combined dosage forms.

A simple, rapid, specific and accurate Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method have been developed for the validation of Sitagliptin and Simvastatin in bulk as well as in the marketed pharmaceutical dosage form. This separation was performed on a Phenomenex Luna C18 (4.6×250mm, 5µm) particle sizecolumn with Acetonitrile: Phosphate Buffer (pH-4.6) (45:55 v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/ min with UV detection at 245nm; the constant column temperature was Ambient. The run time under these chromatographic conditions was within 10 min. The retention time of Sitagliptin and Simvastatin was found to be 2.12 and 3.53. The calibration plot was linear over the concentration range of 6-14μg/ ml for Sitagliptin and 18-42μg/ ml for Simvastatin with limit of detection 0.63 and 0.80μg/ ml for Sitagliptin and Simvastatin and quantification values 1.8 and 2.40µg/ ml respectively. The mean % assay of marketed formulation was found to be 98.25% and 101.20%, and % recovery was observed in the range of 98-102%. Relative standard deviation for the precision study was found <2. The developed method is simple, precise, specific, accurate and rapid, making it suitable for estimation of Sitagliptin and Simvastatin in bulk and marketed pharmaceutical dosage form dosage form.

This review work is a compilation of previously published methods for analysing azithromycin alone or in combination with other drugs. Many spectroscopic techniques, such as derivative techniques and chromogenic techniques, were used. New and improved chromatographic method that employs biological fluids and pharmaceutical formulations is also available. Aside from these few methods, LC-MS/MS and HPTLC are also available. In today's analytical research world, the quality by design or design by expert technique is used to obtain a better method for method validation. This concise review work can assist an analyst in selecting the most appropriate method for developing and validating the best analytical method. 

In vivostudies have shown that extracts from the plastrum testudines extract (PTE) promote osteoblastic activity in glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis (GIOP). The goal of this research is to look into the preventive effects of plastrum testudines extractand to look into the therapeutic targets of plastrum testudines extract in diabetic osteoporosis. Normal control rats received saline (NC), diabetic control rats received saline (DC), and two groups of diabetic rats received 1000mg/kg body weight of metformin (MET), and 30mg/kg body weight of plastrum testudines extract respectively. The bone mineral density (BMD) and blood glucose levels were assessed. Plastrum testudines extractcaused a substantial increase in bone quantity, according to the findings. This showed that plastrum testudines extractcan help prevent and treat diabetic osteoporosis by improving bone mineral density.

The goal of this study was to gather the most recent research, with a particular focus on a logical approach to topical formulation and the fundamental components of topical drug delivery systems. Topical medication applications offer the benefit of delivering the medicine directly to the site of action and working for extended periods of time. In comparison to ointments, creams, and lotions, topical gel formulations are less greasy and easier to remove from the skin, and they have better application properties and stability. The skin is one of the most extensive and easily accessible organs on the human body for topical administration, and it is the primary route of drug delivery for topical drugs. In-Situ gels are a novel approach in pharmaceutical gels. In-situ gels are a type of hydrogel that comes in the form of a solution and gels when it comes into contact with body fluids or changes in ph. pH, homogeneity, grittiness, drug content, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability, skin irritation tests, in vitro release, and in Stability are some of the factors that are used to evaluate gels. This study focuses on the categorization, formulation mechanisms, Evaluation parameters and applications of gel and in-situ gel as innovative pharmaceutical approach system.