Mosquitoes are a global public health concern, with over 100 species spreading diseases like malaria, dengue, and chikungunya. Plant-based compounds such as essential oils, alkaloids and saponins have shown mosquito larvicidal and repellent properties using larvicidal assay. The life cycle of a mosquito consists of four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult, all of which need stagnant water to develop. Malaria, a potentially deadly illness caused by Plasmodium parasites, is spread through the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes. Lantana camara Linn, a medicinal plant, has demonstrated larvicidal and adulticidal effects. Effervescent tablets containing natural larvicides offer an eco-friendly, long-lasting method to control larvae in stagnant water.

Level of blood sugar is elevated due to deficiency or complete unavailability of insulin hormone in human body. This is the characteristic feature of diabetes mellitus. Sulfonyl urea drugs belong to the second-generation anti-diabetic drugs. These drugs work by enhancing the insulin secretion in pancreas. In pharmaceutical drug form of any drug there is always need to develop a selective method to measure the accurate amount of active ingredient due to presence of various inactive ingredients. Optimization of chromatography parameter inclusive of its composition in its mobile phase in order to increase the separation with resolution of drug are the significant points within the present study. For this purpose, a hypersil column (C18 OSD at temp 25°C), rate of flow 1.00mL/minute, a volume of 20µL, 15 min running time and λ = 228nm, phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (10:90 v/v) with pH = 3 were opted. Further specificity and precision of technique as well as along with appropriateness, linearity, accuracy its robustness was also studied to validate the method. LOQ for Gliclazide was found to be as 0.0909mg/mL and LOD was observed as 0.0299mg/mL for the linear range from 20-70mg/mL. Results show that the present designed methodology can be used for investigation of Gliclazide drug forms with accuracy, cost economy and more sensitivity and preciseness.

Prodrugs are pharmacologically inactive derivatives that are converted into active drugs in the body through enzymatic or chemical transformation. This approach is widely used in pharmaceutical research to address challenges such as poor water solubility, low oral bioavailability, chemical instability, lack of site specificity and adverse side effects. By modifying drug molecules, prodrug design enhances pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, ensuring better therapeutic outcomes. Various strategies, including carrier-linked systems, bioprecursors, mutual prodrugs and nanotechnology-based conjugates, have been successfully applied. Activation mechanisms generally rely on pH-sensitive or redox-responsive chemical triggers, as well as enzymatic processes like hydrolysis, reduction, or phosphorylation. Clinically successful examples include aspirin, enalapril, valacyclovir and capecitabine. In cancer therapy, targeted prodrugs offer selective delivery, reducing systemic toxicity and improving efficacy. Innovative techniques such as gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) and antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) are progressing into clinical trials. Looking ahead, the integration of nanotechnology with artificial intelligence is expected to enable more precise, personalized and safer prodrug-based treatments, making them a promising frontier in modern drug development.